![]() Essential to the process of translation is the ribosome. In prokaryotes, translation occurs in the cytoplasm, while in eukaryotes, translation takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum. These differ slightly in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Translation has three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. S ome of the amino acids code for the start and end of translation. ![]() At this stage, the DNA and RNA molecules remain connected (Figure 1).įigure 5: The triplet code is translated into amino acids. Following the introduction of the first complementary 5’-ribonucleotide, the enzyme inserts subsequent complementary ribonucleotides in a 5’ to 3’ direction, joining them with phosphodiester bonds. Therefore, adenine’s complement is uracil. However, the ribonucleotide base complements differ slightly as RNA does not contain thymine, but rather a uracil. Remember that each DNA nucleotide base has a complement: adenine and thymine, and guanine and cytosine. RNA polymerase catalyzes initiation, causing the introduction of the first complementary 5’-ribonucleoside triphosphate. In eukaryotes, an additional transcription factor is necessary to facilitate the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter region. Scientists have discovered the identity of several motifs, including TATAAT and TTGACA in prokaryotes, and TATAAAA and GGCCAATCT in eukaryotes. Promoter sequences are specific sequences of the ribonucleotide bases making up the DNA strand (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine). Promoter sequences on the DNA strand are vital for the successful initiation of transcription. The opposing strand is the partner strand. This allows the enzyme to access the template strand. Following this, the DNA strand is denatured, uncoupling the two complementary strands. The RNA polymerase σ subunit initiates pre-initiation by binding to a promoter region located at the 5′ end of a DNA strand. As a result, the production of mRNA from RNA in eukaryotes is more complicated due to several additional processing steps. Additionally, eukaryotes store DNA in tightly packed chromatin, which must be uncoiled before transcription can occur. ![]() First, eukaryotes store DNA in the nucleus, whereas prokaryotes store DNA in the cytoplasm. These differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Transcription occurs in four stages: pre-initiation, initiation, elongation, and termination. There are three types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). During transcription, DNA transfers genetic information to RNA, and in translation, it directs the synthesis of proteins. This is the first stage of protein production or the flow of information within a cell. In this case, RNA is the “written” form of DNA. In biology, transcription is the process where DNA acts as a template to form a complementary RNA strand. Transcription generally refers to the written form of something. Check out our other articles on Biology.Wrapping Up Translation vs Transcription.
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